Every family, alphabetical.

The royal house of Gwynedd — Llywelyn the Great's line, ended at Cilmeri in 1282.

Son of Adam.

Son of Andrew — the saint that gave Scotland its flag, and the patronymic that crossed every shire.

Strong-of-arm — the most feared of the Border riding clans.

From the East Saxon woman's fort — broadcasting dynast roots.

The steward of the bailey — castle administration in one syllable.

Lawyers, soldiers, and statesmen of Lanarkshire and the north-east.

The baker — oven smoke in every market town.

By the barn.

Bartholomew's short name — northern genitive.

Blessed Benedict — Lancashire knots it tight.

ab Evan — the contracted patronymic that built the National Health Service.

Two unrelated families, one Anglicisation — Donegal kings and the Earls of Cork.

Of Idough and Corcachlann — and the highwayman of the ballad.

The howling moor — Haworth Parsonage in one breath.

By the brook — every wet valley had one.

Descriptive — the brown one — third most common surname in Scotland.

Norman blood, Scottish crown — the line that won Bannockburn.

The de Burgo Lords of Connacht — Hibernis ipsis Hiberniores.

The cellarer's name — Norman household to every county.

Of the Wicklow Mountains — the unconquered lordship at the back of the Pale.

Sons of Lochiel — fierce in the Stewart cause.

From Argyll, the great political clan of the west.

The carter — wheels before engines.

The merchant — fair and street.

The church on the hill — a ducal surname the world recognises.

The clerk — the literate man — when literacy was a profession.

A border clan of jurists and queen's men.

Coal-black or Saint Nicholas' pet form.

Columban saint-name or Nicholas' man.

Of Connemara and the Fews — and the founder of Irish socialism.

The cook.

The cooper — cask and keg.

The cock — youth and pride.

Earls of Glencairn and Ayrshire's milk-pail name.

The courteous one — Norman manners joke.

Of Corca Adain — the bardic family that taught Gaelic Ireland to write.

Two-word motto, three centuries of soldiering.

Son of David — born of the patron saint's name and densest in his own corner of Wales.

Son of David — one spelling among England's commonest.

David, dairy, or daylight jest.

Son of little Richard — London fog in print.

Lords of Inishowen — and the revolt that triggered the Plantation of Ulster.

One of the most powerful houses in medieval Scotland.

Dark stranger — the Hiberno-Norse families of the south-east coast.

Son of Edward — densest along the eastern marches where the name first crossed.

Malvern Hills in orchestration.

One of the great riding clans of the Borders.

Earls of Mar — and 'Bobbing John', who led the '15.

Son of John, by the Welsh road — the cousin name of Jones.

The fisher.

Hibernis ipsis Hiberniores — the Geraldines of Kildare and Desmond.

The only Mac to become a Fitz — kings of Osraighe, by Tudor grant.

Arrow-makers to the great clans, patriots in their own right.

The crossing — stamped on Shakespearian country.

The forester's shortening.

The fox — nickname that stuck.

Of Lovat — 'I am ready'.

Of Tír Chonaill and the household cavalry of the O'Donnell.

Gib's son — industrial northeast.

The last native-born Prince of Wales — and the longest revolt the Welsh would ever raise.

The Cocks of the North — Earls and Dukes of Aberdeenshire.

Smiths of Clan Chattan — and the Prince of Scottish Fiddlers.

Of Grægham — the Anglo-Norman knight who became one of Scotland's great houses.

The green — the common before it was a party colour.

At the hall.

Dukes second only to the crown — and once heirs to it.

Harry's son — the West Country spelling.

Son of Harry.

Breton battle-name — English orchard now.

Hereditary Constables of Scotland — second only to the crown.

The enclosure — hedged common.

Hainaut or hedged field — context splits.

Bodyguards of the chiefs of MacDonald of Glencoe.

Marcher house of Pembroke and Raglan — the bridge between the Welsh gentry and the Tudor court.

On the hill.

The holme — dry ground in the wet country.

Little Hodge — border favourite.

Norman guardian-name — and Howard ducal house.

Son of Huw — the patronymic that runs strongest along the Anglesey coast.

The hunter — chase and warren.

Son of Jack — the industrial north's signature.

From Jacob.

Little John — Welsh thumbprint on English registers.

The fighting Johnstons of the Western Borders.

Son of John — and roughly one in twenty Welsh-descended people in the world.

Of Iar Connacht and Galway city — one of the Tribes, and the family of James Joyce.

Second most common Irish surname — the Uí Maine of Galway, and six other dynasties besides.

Of Ormond and the Dál Cais — Brian Boru's nephews.

When the village crowned someone 'king' for a day — and the jest lasted six centuries.

The lane — hedge-bottom dweller.

Laurence of Rome — England's Registers repeat him.

The meadow — and a clearing-name stamped on dozens of villages.

An ancient earldom that bred a king consort.

Soldiers of fortune — Scots field-marshals across Europe.

Llywelyn anglicised — a princely name carried into common use across the Marches and the south.

Llwyd — the grey one — the great descriptive surname of the central Welsh ridge.

The long one.

Of the Tribes of Galway — and, by tradition, of the phrase 'Lynch law'.

The largest of the Highland clans — Lords of the Isles.

The Hebridean lordship in Ireland — the Glens of Antrim and the Route.

Heirs of Somerled, lords of Lorn.

The persecuted clan — proscribed but never broken.

Earls of Seaforth — masters of Ross and Cromarty.

Captains of Clan Chattan, of Moy Hall.

Of Mull and Duart — Gillian of the Battle Axe's line.

Of Dunvegan, on Skye — keepers of the Fairy Flag.

Of Ulva — and the Father of Australia.

Of Lough Erne — the lake-kingdom of Fermanagh.

Disciples of Columba — admirals and aimers-high.

The stable office — court rank — surname for thousands.

The saint's name — English and Norman registers alike.

The operative mason.

Matthew's son — March and Welsh edge.

Of Desmond and Cashel — the senior line of the Eóganachta.

The miller — water and wind before steam.

By the mill — wheels on every river.

Of Michael — the diminutive that became its own surname in north-east Scotland.

By the moor.

The name that named a kingdom — Morgannwg's enduring patronym.

Of Pabbay and the Outer Hebrides — the brieves of Lewis, hereditary judges under the Lordship of the Isles.

The moor settlement — marcher villages.

The most common surname in Ireland — three independent dynasties, all 'sea warrior'.

Dukes of Atholl — and Jacobite generals.

Inventors of logarithms and Celtic earls of Lennox.

Son of Niel — Norfolk's victory surname.

The new farm — half of England is a Newton.

Of Thomond and the Dál Cais — the line of Brian Boru.

The royal house of Connacht — the last high kings of Ireland.

Tír Chonaill — Red Hugh's escape, and the Flight of 1607.

The royal house of Tír Eoghain — Hugh O'Neill's earldom and the Flight of the Earls.

The third most common Irish surname — and the family of Donal Cam's march.

The princely name — Owain in Welsh, the surname of the last revolt and the first Tudor.

The palm-bearer — pilgrimage turned patronymic.

The parker.

The villager's joke — worn with honour now.

Pear-orchard or Peter's kin.

Son of Philip.

Of the Pale and the saint — Saint Oliver Plunkett, the last Catholic martyr in England.

The gate — the burden — same spelling.

ap Hywel — the contracted patronymic that descends from Hywel Dda, the king who wrote Welsh law.

The Decies of Waterford — Norman barons since 1170, still resident.

ap Richard — the contraction is the mechanism, written into the name.

ap Hugh — the Welsh contraction working on a Norman name.

Of Conn the Hundred-Battler — three distinct lordships, one Anglicised name.

The marsh edge — or ruddy jest.

From Rhys — the name of the most consequential prince of 12th-century Wales.

The red one — descriptive Scots surname, dense in the Lothians and the Borders.

Kings of East Bréifne — and the family that gave English the phrase 'the Reilly money'.

Son of Richard.

Strong in the north — the patronymic of Robert, second to Williams in Caernarfonshire.

Children of Duncan — fierce when roused.

Son of Robin — the Danelaw's favourite -son.

Of Kilravock — Norman roots in the Highlands.

Victorian conscience of craft.

Ruddy Norman nickname — dukes and every parish.

Of Owney and Aherlow — the densest Tipperary surname.

Alexander's son — Cornish and Wessex thick.

Of the Borders — Buccleuch and Walter Scott.

Stratford tradesmen before troubadours — the world's best-known syllables on a modest guildman's signboard.

The copse-edge — Lancashire loves it.

Simon's son — Tyne to Tees.

Earls of Orkney and Caithness — and builders of Rosslyn.

The forge surname — the most common occupational name in Scotland and the world.

The steward — from pantry to peerage.

Stephen's line — southwestern -ens spelling.

From High Stewards to the throne — the royal name of Scotland.

The stone — boundary-mark name.

The tailor — Norman-French occupational, Scots and English in parallel.

The roof thatcher's craft — straw and laths long before politics borrowed the name.

The fifth Welsh surname — son of Thomas, on the same Tudor-era road as Jones and Williams.

The northern Thomases.

Son of Thomas — the Lowland Scots form, no 'p', distinguishing it from English Thompson.

Welsh in origin, English in destiny — the line that took the throne at Bosworth.

The lathe.

Fychan — the younger — the descriptive surname that marks a son.

The cloth-fuller — the foot trade that thickened the medieval weave.

For liberty — the patriot's family.

The fourth most common Irish surname — the families the Irish called 'the Welsh'.

The settlement of strangers — England mapped it eighty times.

The watchman.

Son of Wat — the Lowland patronymic that produced both the steam engine and Sherlock Holmes's friend.

The weaver.

She wove — northern -ster craft name.

The west.

The western farm — toponym epidemic.

The fair one.

Son of William — second only to Jones in Welsh density, and first in the north.

Son of Will — second most common surname in Scotland, behind Smith.

By the wood.

The maker — every guild town shaped one.

Descriptive — the younger — sister surname to Vaughan in Wales and Óg in Ireland.